Peran Seleksi Genetik terhadap Peningkatan Produktivitas Ternak Lokal untuk Mendukung Swasembada Pangan Nasional
Abstract
Program pemuliaan genetik adalah salah satu kunci utama dalam meningkatkan produktivitas ternak lokal dan mendukung swasembada pangan nasional. Review sistematik ini mensintesis bukti empiris dari studi tentang efisiensi seleksi genetik (konvensional dan molekuler/genomik) pada ternak lokal atau tropis khususnya di Indonesia dan negara dengan iklim serupa terkait sifat produksi seperti pertumbuhan, hasil susu, dan efisiensi pakan. Analisis menyoroti estimasi heritabilitas, respons seleksi, hambatan implementasi, dan strategi yang efektif yang telah diterapkan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa seleksi genetik, terutama bila diikuti oleh penggunaan genomik atau marker-assisted selection, memiliki potensi signifikan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas ternak lokal, tetapi diperlukan perbaikan dalam pencatatan data fenotip, sumber daya referensi genomik, dan kebijakan yang mendukung. Rekomendasi meliputi pengembangan populasi referensi lokal, penyusunan tujuan pemuliaan yang jelas, pelibatan peternak kecil, dan konservasi keanekaragaman genetik sebagai bagian dari program nasional.
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